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Cell Phones and You, On the Move

With the technology available to us today we are no longer tethered to our homes and offices when we have the need to access our email or the Internet. With portable computers, hand held devices, and aircards we now have the ability to work or play from virtually anywhere in the world.

What Is An Aircard

An aircard is, simply put, a device that connects to your laptop via your USB or PCMCIA slot. The device becomes a wireless modem for your laptop, allowing you to have the same type of Internet access you would at home or in the office when plugged into your network or phone line. Mobile carriers that use SIM card technology will give you the ability to switch between using your SIM card in your aircard or in your cell phone, so long as you have the data plan enabled on it.

Where Can An Aircard Be Purchased

An aircard can be easily purchased from your mobile carrier for use on their network. Aircards purchased from your carrier will be locked to their network; this means that you can only use your aircard on their particular network. This can restrict you a bit when traveling, especially internationally, because you are tied to your “home” mobile network. You have the ability, additionally, to purchase an aircard directly from a retailer that specializes in mobile products. These aircards will be unlocked and can be used on any wireless network.

Locked vs. Unlocked

The main difference between buying locked or unlocked aircard will often be price. Mobile carriers can offer aircards that are locked to their network at heavily discounted prices. However, you will often need to be tied into a minimum of a one year contract with your carrier. Additionally, if you switch to another mobile carrier you will need to purchase a new aircard to ensure that you have one that works on your new network. Purchasing an unlocked aircard will, initially, be a more expensive investment but consider the benefits. You will not be locked into a length contract with your mobile carrier, giving you the freedom to switch between carriers; this can be especially useful if you are a frequent international traveler since it’s often more cost effective to use a local cellular provider when traveling in foreign countries. Depending on your mobile provider, you can often ask them to provide you with an unlock code for your aircard device; a quick phone call to explain your travel needs should take care of this with them.

Cost

Depending on if you opt for an aircard from your provider or an unlocked card from another retailer, your aircard can be purchased for under $300. Many providers will often provide the aircard to you for free if you agree to sign a two year contract with them. The biggest expense that you will need to keep an eye out for is going to be the cost of the data plan. If you plan on using your aircard frequently then it will be worth it to you to sign up for the unlimited data plan offered by your carrier. Choosing a plan with a low data allowance can get you into trouble with high bills at the end of your billing cycle if you happen to go over your limit. An unlimited data plan can often be found for about $49 a month.

Choosing An Aircard

Before making your decision to purchase an aircard consider talking to your mobile carrier to find out what they can offer you in terms of type of aircard and rate plans. It may be as simple as changing your plan to include unlimited data, many carriers will then offer the aircard to you at no additional cost. If you are considering going the route of purchasing your aircard from another retailer be sure to do your research on the products you are considering.

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What Is Structured Cabling For Computer LAN Networks?

:: What is structured cabling?

Modern computer LAN (local area network) wiring has the concept of structured cabling.

With today’s high speed networks, people realize that the networking system must be broken up into shorter chunks that allow workstation wiring to be concentrated, with each cable length short enough to support the high data rate.

Based on aforementioned reasons, structured wiring standard has been developed to help define a computer wiring system that stays within the maximum wiring distance for various LAN topologies. For example, the horizontal cable wiring length is 100 meters for 100BaseT networks.

:: What do we do to observe the 100 meters wiring standard?

In order to achieve the wiring concentration standard, telecommunication rooms (wiring centers) are placed at planned locations in a building. These telecom rooms are then interconnected to provide the total network connectivity for the building.

This can be explained in a three stories building. At one same corner of each floor, a telecom rooms is constructed; these telecom rooms are then connected by backbone wiring (cables run vertically through the floors and link all telecom rooms together).

On each floor, a telecom room concentrates all workstation cables for that floor. Each workstation has a wall mounted jack. The network cable is terminated at that jack and runs directly to the telecom room. The cable may run in wire trays or conduit, or be draped over supports such as a drop ceiling. For larger floors, more than one telecom room may be needed.

:: Horizontal Cabling

The horizontal wires, which run from workstations on the same floor to the telecom room, are then terminated on punchdown termination, or directly onto a patch panel. The punchdown terminations or patch panels could be rack mounted (19” or 23” racks), cabinet mounted or wall mounted.

In the telecom room, network equipment such as a hub or switch is connected to each station cable, which electrically terminates the cable run. The hub or switch then passes the computer signal on to other work stations or servers, or even to other telecom rooms for ultimate connectivity with the entire network.

:: Vertical Cabling (Backbone Cabling)

Telecom rooms on each floor are then connected together by backbone cabling (also called vertical cabling for floor to floor connections). These backbone cablings typically are done from floor to floor to floor.

Usually telecom rooms should be located directly above one another in order to minimize the cable runs length, but this also varies from building to building.

With the emerge of Gigabit Ethernet and 10 Gigabit Ethernet, fiber optic cable is the most appropriate choice for backbone cabling since they provide much higher bandwidth than traditional Cat5, Cat6 or even Cat7 twisted pair copper cables. Another advantage of fiber is that fibers can run much longer distance than copper cable, which makes them especially attractive for backbone cabling.

:: The difference between backbone cabling and horizontal cabling

Since backbone cabling typically passes through from floor to floor, the cables used for backbone cabling have very different requirement than the horizontal cablings.

1. Fire ratings. Backbone cables must have standard imposed fire rating specifications. Typically this is OFNR (Optical Fiber Non-Conductive Riser) rated. If the backbone cable passes through plenum area (spaces in the building used for air return in air conditioning), the cable must be OFNP (Optical Fiber Non-conductive Plenum) rated.

2. Physical securing. Physical securing for vertical riser cables is also different than horizontal cables. So is the cable strength, since vertical riser cables need to have enough strength to support its own weight.

Colin Yao is an expert on fiber optic networking technologies and products. Learn more about apc pigtail, fiber optic pigtails, fiber pigtails on Fiber Optics For Sale Co. web site.

The Story Of Legacy Fiber Optic Connectors

:: Choices of connectors

Over the years, a large variety of fiber optic connectors have been designed for most fiber optic installations. Lightwave equipment manufacturers have never standardized on any one connector type, they actually provide a selection of connectors for their equipment interface.

It is very important to choose the fiber connector type for your applications. You should maintain a connector standard throughout a fiber optic project.

:: The components of a fiber connector

For most fiber optic connectors, the major components are ferrule, connector body, connector cap and strain-relief boot.

Ferrule

The ferrule is the center part of the connector. It contains the optical fiber in a center hole. Ferrule can be made from ceramic (Zirconia), stainless steel or composite material.

Ceramic ferrule is the most popular material since it has stable temperature characteristics. The most common ceramic is Zirconia which is a white hard ceramic material. Ceramic ferrule is used for both single mode and multimode connectors. It offers the lowest insertion loss and the best repeatability.

Connector Body

Fiber optic connector body can be steel or plastic. The body design differs from connector to connector. The connector body provides the mechanism to hold the ferrule and other parts together. It also provides the locking mechanism for connector mating. The most common locking mechanisms are push-pull, snap-in, thread on and twist-on.

Connector Cap

Connector cap often has the same material as the body: either steel or plastic. The cap can be screw on, twist lock or snap-on for connector mating.

Strain-relief Boot

Strain-relief boot is the part connecting the connector body and the fiber cable. It is often made from rubber. Although it looks minimal, it is actually one of the most critical parts in a connector. It provides strain relief on the optical fiber to prevent micro-bending, breakage and provides mechanical support for fiber and connector handling.

:: Legacy Fiber Connector Types

The following list shows the legacy connector types that have been deployed in numerous fiber optic networks for many years.

ST Connector

ST connector was once the most popular fiber connector. It was well-liked for both single mode and multimode fiber connections. The average insertion loss for a ST connector is about 0.5dB.

ST connector has a twist-on locking mechanism which is not susceptible to loosening in vibrating environment. It is most often used in LAN networks.

FC Connector

FC connector is popular for single mode applications. It has the lowest insertion loss and the best repeatability. It has a thread-on locking mechanism.

SMA connector

SMA connector is a pretty old connector type which is mostly used for multimode applications. Today it is still being using on medical equipment.

There are two types of SMA connectors on the market: SMA 905 and SMA 906. The only difference between them is that SMA 906 has a straight ferrule while SMA 905 has a step-down ferrule.

D4 Connector

The NEC D4 was probably the first connector to use ceramic or hybrid ceramic/stainless steel ferrules. It uses a smaller ferrule than SCs or FCs. It was widely used in telco networks in the 80s to early 90s and some may still be in use.

FDDI connector

Besides the SC Duplex, you may occasionally see the FDDI duplex connectors which mate to their specific networks. They are generally used to connect to the equipment from a wall outlet, but the rest of the network will have ST or SC connectors. Since they both use 2.5 mm ferrules, they can be mated to SC or ST connectors with adapters.

Biconic Connector

Biconic connector’s yellow body indicating a SM version - mutlimode versions were usually black. Biconic connector was developed by a team led by Jack Cook at Bell Labs in Murray Hill, NJ.

Colin Yao is an expert on fiber optic networking technologies and products. Learn more about bulk single mode fiber, corning fiber optic cable, outdoor single mode fiber on Fiber Optics For Sale Co. web site.

The Growing Problem Of Cell Phone Addiction

As the number of people that have cell phones is rapidly growing, so is the number of people that are becoming addicted to their phones. When these phones were invented, they were intended to make life easier. Today there are some people that do not have a life because they do not know when to turn them off.

You probably know a person who is a cell phone addict. It could be the person who leaves his phone on in the hospital even if it is against the rules because he is afraid he will miss a call. Or the phone user who sends text messages all day from work when he should be doing his job. These same people will have an anxiety attack if they forgot their phones at home and cannot enjoy what they are doing until that phone is back in their hand.

Unfortunately, cell phone addiction may become more widespread as greater numbers of children are using cell phones. One study showed that Japanese children didn’t make friends with peers who didn’t have the phones. Another showed that three quarters of Hungarian children owned cell phones. A study in Italy showed that one quarter of the adolescents had multiple cell phones while in Great Britain 36% of college students surveyed admitted that they could not live without their cell phones. An unexpected result form the British study was that 7% of the students stated that they had lost a job or a relationship over their cell phone use.

There are questions as to whether cell phone addictions are actual addictions, such as an addiction to drugs would be. There are some similarities. Cell phone addicts use their phone to make them feel better. These users even seem to increase their phone use over time to get the same feeling that they had when they first began using them. There are also some anxiety issues when the user does not have his phone available. With regular addictions, there are usually some changes to the brain, from alcohol addiction to food addiction. There may have to be a study done on the brain of a cell phone addict for this trend to be considered an actual addiction.

Until then, you may have to look for the signs yourself if you are worried about a loved one being a cell phone addict. Again, the signs of an addict are someone that can not stay off his cell phone for any length of time. The person may become irritated if someone does not answer his voicemail or text message quick enough. He refuses to turn his phone off, even in areas where cell phone usage is restricted. If he has forgotten his phone at home, he can think of nothing else until he can get home to get it.

If this sounds like one of your children, there is something that you can do. If you have a premium cell phone plan, you can drop it back to the basics and limit the amount of time the child can spend on the phone. The youngster may not like it but will become adjusted to less cell phone usage as time goes by.

Cell phones do make life easier, but you should not lose sight of the fact that there is a life without them.

You just got a new cell phone or you want to personalize your current cell phone visit this article on cell phone accessories.

Cell Phone Rates: Which Are The Best?

Cell phone rates are as varied as the companies that provide service. To compare rates, you first need to decide what features you want in your plan ranging from how many minutes you want per month to free text messaging. You should also take into consideration the area in which you live, as some service providers may not be able to connect with your region.

Alltell is one of the most popular service providers and is available in most areas. The company now offers the My Circle program which allows you free unlimited calls to any network anywhere. One rate for an individual plan was $49.99 which included 750 anytime minutes with a $.40 rate for additional minutes. There were unlimited night and weekend minutes and mobile-to-mobile minutes. My Circle with this plan included five people.

For a comparable plan from Sprint, this company offered 700 anytime minutes at a rate of $69.99 a month. This plan included unlimited nationwide direct connect and unlimited nighttime and weekend minutes as well as mobile-to-mobile. Additional minutes had a charge of $.45 per minute..

T-mobile, another popular wireless provider, had a rate of $49.99 for 600 minutes. They offered unlimited nighttime and weekend minutes as well as unlimited mobile-to- mobile. The company offered MyFaves unlimited minutes. Myfaves is similar to My Circle and includes unlimited calls to five people. Additional minutes were only charged $.20 per minute.

Verizon only offered 450 minutes in their individual plan at a rate of $39.99. This plan included free nighttime and weekend minutes but mobile-to-mobile calls were charged at a pay-as-you go rate. The company also charges you for text messaging. The rate for additional minutes was $.45.

For a 900 minute individual plan, Alltell charges $59.99 and increases MyCircle to include 10 people. All the rest of the anytime minutes and rates remain the same. Sprint offers 900 minutes at a rate of $69.99 while T-mobile offers 1000 minute plan at $59.99 while the rest of the both of their plans remains the same. Verizon offers a 900 minutes plan at $99.99 and their rate for additional minutes decreases to $.40 per minute.

The highest rated plan that Alltell offers is 6000 anytime minutes at a rate of $199.99 per month. The number of people in MyCircle increases to twenty and the rate for additional minutes drops to $.20 per minute.

Sprint offers a plan for 4000 anytime minutes at $199.99 per month. The only difference in the rest of this plan from the less expensive one is that the rate for additional minutes falls to $.40 per minute.

T-Mobile offers a 5000 anytime minute plan at a rate of $139.99 per month. The rest of the plan remained the same as the less expensive plans.

Verizon offers an Unlimited plan for $139.99 a month. This plan allows you unlimited calling anytime anywhere, which eliminates all charges for additional minutes. This plan also offers all other services such as text messaging for free.

By comparing the above rates, it seems that for regular individual service Alltell may be the wireless provider that you may want to choose, while for the maximum amount of minutes for a reasonable price, you may want to go with Verizon. In the long run, the choice is yours.

You just got a new cell phone or you want to personalize your current cell phone visit this article on cell phone accessories.

Webkinz Phenomenon - Educational Benefits!

The Webkinz phenomenon is producing positive feedback from children and parents alike! These plush toy pets are affordable, offer a variety of associated online activities at no additional cost and have educational benefits to boot!

Webkinz, produced by the Ganz gift company, are marketed similarly to Beanie Babies. And speaking of the Beanie Babies this is an equal if not greater craze never seen before or since until Webkinz! However, Webkinz targeted age group is 6 - 13 years of age in contrast to the Beanie Babies that appealed to more of an adult market.

The marketing strategy is modern and smart. The purchase of one toy earns you a one year membership to the Webkinz World website. Nevertheless, a majority of sales are repeat customers. Children are collecting numerous webkinz.

Webkinz animals are available in a two different sizes. Lil’Kinz which are about two thirds the size of their sister product the full size Webkinz. Lil’Kinz are a little less expensive, approx. $11 as compared to approx. $15. Also, Webkinz are available in domestic animals, wild animals and pretend animals alike. There are a number of special issue Webkinz which are retired after a short release and can be sold for a large profit providing the tag is intact.

Your experience begins with the purchase of a webkinz stuffed animal of choice for approximately $11.99 through $15.99. Each pet has a unique identity in it’s name given by the owner. When you register your pet on the site it receives an online room, food, starter furniture, and starter cash. You can earn cash by playing online games and then purchase clothing for your pet and items to decorate its house. You can also send gifts to other Webkinz World members.

The genius in this strategy is that it gives younger children access to the internet on a safe fun site. This toy peaks the interest of children and parents alike being that we are living in an internet culture. It provides a gateway to the internet for a child which is a hugely significant part of the adult culture.

There are various educational benefits to taking care of your virtual pet online. The concept of care taking maintenance is exercised in that the child feeds, bathes and plays with their pet in order to increase it’s happiness. The child also must learn to prioritize “spending” and earn the “cash” needed to purchase items for their pet. Socially, the child can interact with their friends using Clubhouse Chat where they can instant message other webkinz members using a highly restrictive content instant messaging.

Finally, the games are educationally geared appealing to logic and problem solving skills. A feature game titled Quizzie’s Question Corner allows a child to pick from standard school subjects and answer trivia questions in order to earn Kinz cash!

Webkinz Pets are a smart, fun and apparently highly appealing! They take traditional play into the computer age in an affordable package. The associated website is rich with educational activities for children and the traditional stuffed animal is huggable and portable!

I have an extensive background in Finance and Fiscal Procedure. I also have a web business where I offer Computer Learning Software for Kids. I am very interested in the product itself as well as the subject matter that it involves. Please use the link above to visit us at The Software Spot! Thank you, Allison Merlino

Where In The World Is Windows Update Agent 5.8.02469?

Ha! Alas, those who choose not to regularly update their software got a rather nasty surprise when trying to install one of the latest versions of Windows Live Messenger. If you do not have your computer set for automatic updates, you may be one of the unfortunate souls who gets the message “You must install the critical update “Windows Update Agent 5.8.02469” when trying to install Windows Live Messenger. And judging from the amount of forum requests and frantic questions at numerous answer forums, you are definitely not alone. So where in the world is this elusive Windows Update Agent 5.802469?

Since it can seem a bit intrusive for some and just downright annoying to others, many people opt to turn off the automatic update feature on their computer for whatever reasons. Recent versions of Microsoft Windows, including Windows ME, 98, 2000, XP, and Vista all have this automatic update feature included. It is important for you to keep your computer updated because Microsoft issues patches and updates for security issues on a regular basis. If you choose to manually update, be sure to visit the Microsoft update site on a regular basis. You can choose which updates you wish to install, but the critical updates are the ones you should be most concerned about.

Since updates patch gaping holes in Microsoft Windows, do not be surprised to find that you are suddenly a victim of a virus, Trojan, worm, or some other such nastiness if you choose not to make sure that your software is updated. You may wonder how you have fallen victim to such things when you have not done of the traditional ‘wrong’ things (such as opening unknown attachments or downloading illegal software) that normally cause these problems. Simply put, you may have neglected to keep your Windows software updated and someone may have exploited one of the known security vulnerabilities in the software. It is also most likely the reason you cannot find Windows Update Agent 5.8.02469.

Now that you understand the importance of updating your Windows software, if you do not have your computer set for automatic updating, you can regularly check for updates by going to windows update – your operating system will be detected automatically. You can then scan your computer for updates and the results will return any critical and/or security updates your system may require. Choose the critical updates and any recommended updates you may want and then select ‘Install’. For those who are missing the elusive Windows Update Agent 5.8.02469, you will probably find it hiding out here.

So, where in the world was Windows Update Agent 5.8.02469? Perhaps, it was hiding right under your nose all the time. Many of our computer issues can be solved by taking care to perform a little maintenance and care on a regular basis. So the next time you try to install a new software program and get an annoying error message, it may just be that you have not been as diligent about keeping your software current as you should have been.

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Parking Garage Lighting

Commercial parking garage lights are extremely important to maintaining a safe, secure facility. Selecting and installing these critical fixtures requires careful attention to many factors that contribute to effective lighting and energy savings. Such considerations as light intensity levels; glare reduction, lumens per watt efficiency, and optimal horizontal and vertical foot candle levels have to be carefully taken into account before making any purchase, as not only front-end pricing, but also lamp life and power consumption over long periods of time determine cost effectiveness.

The three standard types of commercial parking garage lighting fixtures are Metal Halide, High Pressure Sodium, and Fluorescent. Each fixture type offers unique advantages that must be considered in terms of cost, commercial lighting quality, and the size of your parking garage.

Metal Halide Fixtures

Metal Halide commercial parking garage lights are the most commonly used lamps for parking garage lighting. Metal Halide fixtures represent a mid-range price point and offer exceptional quality in visual lighting effect and color rendering. Metal Halide fixtures, however, have the shortest lamp life (only 10,000 hours) and the lowest lumens to watt efficiency rating.

If quality is your primary objective and you have the budget for frequent lamp replacements, metal halide lights will prove an excellent light source for your parking garage.

High Pressure Sodium Fixtures

High Pressure Sodium lights have the highest lumens per wattage output and are the best choice for lighting large commercial parking garages with high ceilings. This is because these parking areas typically have heavy beam supports and other obstructions that pose a potential hazard to drivers. It is important to fully illuminate the front vertical surface of any potential obstructions with HID (High Intensity Discharge) fixtures located at or near the top of the vertical cube.

High Pressure Sodium fixtures are also a very cost effective source of commercial parking garage lighting. Although they rate very low on the color-rendering index, this is normally not an issue in industrial facilities where high lighting levels, minimized replacement costs, and safety are far more important concerns.

They are the least expensive fixtures in terms of initial purchase price point and are ideal for large corporations requiring dozens, if not hundreds of light fixtures.

Fluorescent Fixtures

In warm climates where ballasts will not be affected by cold weather and extreme temperature drops, commercial parking garage lighting with fluorescent fixtures offers both an optimal price point and optimal savings on power costs for companies on tight budgets. Fluorescent lights also provide the very best color rendering of any lighting fixture and feature a lamp life of 20,000 hours. Fluorescent lamps are nearly equivalent to high-pressure sodium lights in cost and consume the least amount of power.

In terms of short-term savings on the front end and long term savings on the back end, they are the most economical source of commercial parking garage lighting.

Glare Reduction and Safety

To ensure not only the brightest levels of lighting in your commercial parking garage, but also the safest possible environment, Be sure to work with a qualified designer who can help you who can help you find the answers to these questions and install your commercial parking garage lighting system. High Pressure Sodium and Metal Halide lights can be ordered in cutoff, semi-cutoff, and refractor style designs that will distribute the light evenly down the vertical cube and evenly light your horizontal space with a minimum of hazardous glare.

Glare reduction depends heavily as well on not only what type of commercial parking garage lights you purchase, but also on how you design the lighting system itself. The size of the facility, the height of the ceiling, the amount and type of vehicle traffic, pedestrian presences, and the architecture of your parking garage (underground, above ground, multi-storied) all represent critical factors that must be carefully balanced so your parking area has the brightest possible light with the least amount of glare.

Easy Rack provides a full selection of material handling products and commercial lighting fixtures on a nationwide basis. We supply both new and used equipment and drop ship directly to location of install. For more information on commercial lighting and material handling products, visit http://www.easyrack.org/parking-garage-lighting-a-463.html and http://www.easyrack.org.

SUPERAntiSpyware Pro 4.0 - A Computer Juice Review

Millions of people log on to the Internet daily; and as with any good thing, someone with malicious intent inevitably comes along and tries to spoil the party. For this reason, spyware is rampant on the Internet and you must take precautions to protect yourself. There are probably hundreds of anti-spyware programs on available for this purpose, but SUPERAntiSpyware Pro 4.0 is one of the best, if not the best, product on the market for blocking and removing spyware.

The first thing that you may notice is that about SUPERAntiSpyware Pro 4.0 is the name. The fact that ‘SUPER’ is in all capital letters implies immediately that the product stands above the rest, but does it really? If you visit the SUPERAntiSpyware Pro 4.0’s website, it makes the bold statement that it will remove all spyware and not just the common types. Well, industry professionals have put the program through its paces and SUPERAntiSpyware Pro 4.0 passes with flying colors each time. If you do any research on the product, you will have a difficult time finding anything negative about it.

One of features that the SUPERAntiSpyware Pro 4.0 spyware removal program includes that many other spyware removal programs seem lacking in is real-time spyware protection. Users also love the fact the program does not hog resources – it only uses about 40 MB of RAM - like some other well known anti-spyware programs. SUPERAntiSpyware Pro 4.0 ensures that your computer is protected against spyware, Trojans, hijackers, and other malware while running smoothly in the background. This real-time feature can be enabled or disabled at your leisure.

Another great thing about SUPERAntiSpyware Pro 4.0 is that the software allows you to send reports about potential malware to the software’s laboratories to be analyzed. This helps to ensure that the software is always current and updated.

SUPERAntiSpyware Pro 4.0 features an easy to use interface and the main menu offers the options of: computer scanning, update checking, scan scheduling, quarantine management, and application configuration. The scanner program checks your system for all the latest spyware, adware, worms, trojans, and other malware.

You can choose from three types of scans – the Quick Scan, the Complete Scan, and the Custom Scan. The Quick Scan checks the registry locations and other common places you might find spyware on your computer. The Complete Scan scans your entire system for infections. And the Custom Scan allows you to select the areas of your computer that you want checked. You can also schedule scanning.

One of the neat features about the SUPERAntiSpyware Pro 4.0 software is that it does not require rebooting your computer once you have removed spyware. The program also retains a log of all the malware that has been detected and removed.

In software testing environments, SUPERAntiSpyware Pro 4.0 removed software better than any of the other top antispyware programs on the market. It even removed malware that some of these programs missed. SUPERAntiSpyware Pro 4.0 is probably the most reliable antispyware programs available. It is featured on numerous top 10 lists and is quickly developing a cult following. If you are looking for an antispyware program that exceeds expectations, you will not find a better program than SUPERAntiSpyware Pro 4.0.

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Everything You Need To Know About Computer LAN (Local Area Network) Backbone Wiring

:: The Definition of Backbone Cabling

Backbone cabling may be within one building or between buildings on a campus. All wiring between telecommunication rooms is called as backbone cabling.

In many cases, backbone cabling is actually between wiring closets on the same floor of a building, but the more typical case is the floor to floor wiring in a multi-floor building. Many call it vertical cabling in contrast to horizontal cabling.

:: How are backbone wiring implemented?

Typically all hubs, concentrators and switches are placed in the telecom rooms which serve all workstations on that same floor. Backbone wiring then connects the hubs, on to another on different floors.

• Daisy Chain wiring. In a daisy chain wiring, the back bone wiring connects from hub to hub to hub. Daisy chain is a good choice for Token-Ring topology, since it provides convenient ring-in and ring-out connections.

• Star wiring: In a star wiring, the back bone wiring connects all hubs from different floors to a center hub. Star wiring is a good choice for Ethernet which must limits repeater jumps.

For large buildings, telecom rooms are often placed in services shaft, one above the other, distances between telecom rooms are minimal. Thus the backbone wiring from each floor may be concentrated in a single master telecom room and the number of repeater jumps minimized.

:: How is backbone wiring capacity implemented?

Backbone wiring should be terminated in the same manner as horizontal cabling. The backbone cabling should be of same or higher category and type that meets your performance requirements and the safety and fire protection requirements for your installation.

For example, for Cat 5e horizontal wiring, you should use Cat 5e cable or even higher category such as Cat 6 and Cat 7. If you anticipate using your wiring system for multiple applications, double or even triple each backbone wiring run. This will give you ample room for growth and the ability to rapidly respond to new requirements.

:: Fire Safety

Most standard require that all riser cable (cable that goes vertically between floors) be riser rated for its fire and smoking rating. Some even require plenum rated cables.

But one most important thing is – you must properly install fire-stop material on all openings you make between floors, no matter those are cable ports or direct openings.

If you backbone wiring actually involves floor-to-floor cabling in vertical shafts or cable ports, you may need to use special riser cable that has a fire-retardant sheath, certified to meet NEC low-flame requirements. The NEC requires that riser cable meet UL flammability tests to be used in high-rise buildings.

:: Grounding requirement

When pulling cables between far flung telecom rooms or between floors, electrical grounding and bonding requirements must be observed. You can refer to EIA/TIA standards for the proper practices.

:: Advantages of fiber optic cable

Fiber optic cable provides significant advantages over copper cable. Fiber optic cable is not subject to electrical or magnetic interference, and thus may be run in locations, such as elevator shafts or alongside power lines.

In addition, a cabling system may be electrically isolated between buildings or between floors of the same building by using fiber optic cable.

Colin Yao is an expert on fiber optic networking technologies and products. Learn even more ribbon fiber cable, bulk fiber optic cables, multimode fiber optic cable on Fiber Optics For Sale Co. web site.

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